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Potraga za najboljim antihistaminikom u alergijskom rinitisu

Potraga za najboljim antihistaminikom u alergijskom rinitisu

napisao/la MatijaUpdated SvoUpdate - Broj odgovora: 34

Antihistaminici su lijekovi koji se široko primjenjuju u liječenju različitih alergijskih stanja uzrokovanih histaminom i drugim medijatorima upale. U ovom članku će se obraditi prvenstveno vezano uz alergijski rinitis (AR), budući da je sezona alergija na vrhuncu i svjedoci smo pojačanim potrebama pacijenata upravo za terapiju antihistaminicima.


Podsjetimo se da antihistaminici olakšavaju simptome pojačane sekrecije, kihanja i svrbeža nosa, ali imaju skroman učinak na nosnu kongestiju. Prema ARIA smjernicama (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) se preporuča 'ili-ili' pristup, tako da ovisno o kliničkoj slici prvi izbor može biti antihistaminik kao i intranazalni kortikosteroid (IKS). Jedina prednost antihistaminika pred IKS-om jest njihova veća učinkovitost kod očnih simptoma AR-a. (1)


Antihistaminike možemo podijeliti na prvu generaciju sa izrazito sedativnim učinkom budući da su lipofilni i prolaze krvno-moždanu barijeru. Njihova primjena se za liječenje AR ne preporučuje. Druga generacija je novija i preporuča se u ARIA smjernicama. Sedativni učinak je manji, dok se njihove aktivne metabolite, s još manjim sedacijskim učinkom, po nekim klasifikacijama može svrstati i u treću generaciju antihistaminika. 


ANTIHISTAMINICI

1. GENERACIJA

2. GENERACIJA

3. GENERACIJA

Dimenhydrinatum (Dramine)

Cetirizin (Letizen)

Levocetirizin (Xyzal)

chloropyraminum (Synopen)

Loratadin (Contral, Claritine, Belodin, Flonidan, Rinolan)

Desloratadin (Aerius, Dasselta, Alerdin, Escontral)


Bilastin (Nixar)

Fexofenadin (Telfast, Allegra)






Nuspojave

Po pitanju sedacije, od novije generacije, najsedativniji je cetirizin (10% odraslih) (2). U randomiziranom, dvostruko slijepom kliničkom ispitivanju, uspoređivala se učinkovitost bilastina i cetirizina. Bilastin je pokazao istu učinkovitost kao cetirizin u ublažavanju nazalnih i ekstra-nazalnih simptoma alergijskog rinitisa kroz čitavih 14 dana liječenja. Međutim, značajno je manje pacijenata u skupini liječenoj bilastinom doživjelo somnolenciju i umor u usporedbi s pacijentima u skupini liječenoj cetirizinom. (3)


Od drugih češćih nuspojava antihistaminika, može doći do glavobolje i umora, ali i do antikolinergičkih učinaka, najčešće u obliku suhih očiju i usta. Primijećen je i dobitak na kilaži, iako nije sasvim jasno radi li se o izravnom učinku lijeka ili  dolazi do nekretanja radi izbjagavanja alergena.


U randomiziranom, dvostruko slijepom, placebo kontroliranom kliničkom ispitivanju Horaka i sur. (4) uspoređivala se djelotvornost bilastina, cetirizina i feksofenadina u ublažavanju nosnih i ekstra-nazalnih (uglavnom očnih) simptoma alergijskog rinitisa. Bilastin karakterizira brz početak djelovanja već sat vremena nakon primjene, a u usporedbi s feksofenadinom, učinkovitiji je u ublažavanju nazalnih simptoma sezonskog alergijskog rinitisa u razdoblju između 22. i 26. sata nakon njegove primjene. Važno je za istaknuti Interakcije bilastina s hranom, budući da hrana značajno smanjuje oralnu bioraspoloživost bilastina (za 30%). Pri unosu bilastina istodobno sa sokom od grejpa bioraspoloživost bilastina smanjila se 30%. Ovaj učinak mogu imati i drugi voćni sokovi, pa je važno pacijentima napomenuti da tabletu treba uzeti jedan sat prije jela ili dva sata nakon jela ili uzimanja voćnog soka.(5)


Doziranje

Tablično je prikazano doziranje najčešćih antihistaminika (1). Za bilastin nema podataka o dozama za djecu mlađu od 12 godina, dok recimo kod feksofenadina i desloratadina postoje preporučene doze i za bebe od 6 mjeseci (15mg, odnosno 1mg).


DOZIRANJE NAJČEŠĆIH ANTIHISTAMINIKA (1xdn)


DJECA 2-5 g.

DJECA 6-11 g.

DJECA STARIJA OD 12 g. i ODRASLI

CETIRAZIN

5mg

5mg

10mg

LEVOCETIRIZIN

-

2.5mg

5mg

LORATADIN

5mg

10mg

10mg

DESLORATADIN

1.25mg

2.5mg

5mg

FEXOFENADIN

30mg 2xdn

30mg 2xdn

180mg

BILASTIN

-

-

20mg



Zaključno

Ako se odlučimo na liječenje antihistaminikom prema ARIA smjernicama, lijek izbora su antihistaminici 2., odnosno 3.generacije zbog znatno manje učestalosti najčešće nuspojave, a to je sedacija. Koji antihistaminik iz te skupine izabrati u praksi je izrazito varijabilan i često ovisi o osobnim preferencama, što pacijenata, što liječnika.(6) Tako se često susrećemo s tim da pacijenti sami navode koji im je antihistaminik najbolji ili traže promjenu jer im dosadašnji 'više ne djeluje'. Kod pacijenata koji su nezadovoljni učinkom terapije svakako treba razmotriti zamjenu lijeka intranazalnim kortikosteroidom ili dodavanje istog na postojeću terapiju.


Faktori koji utječu na propisivanje, osim same farmakodinamike pojedinog antihistaminika su zasigurno i prisutnost na osnovnoj/dopunskoj listi lijekova, kao i mogućnost davanja pedijatrijskoj populaciji. Važno je razmotriti i nuspojave, što s drugim lijekovima, što s hranom/pićem (bilastin ) Po pitanju dostupnosti, obzirom na sigurnu dozu ovisno o dobi, a zatim i oblik administracije lijeka (film tableta/raspadljiva tableta za usta/oralna otopina) najdostupniji je desloratadin. 



  1. http://www.plivamed.net/aktualno/clanak/8110/Smjernice-za-lijecenje-alergijskog-rinitisa-3-dio.html

  2. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pharmacotherapy-of-allergic-rhinitis?csi=d31a79a9-d5ca-4ee3-b485-b6e76eec9298&source=contentShare


  1. Kuna P, Bachert C, Nowacki Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg compared with cetirizine 10 mg and placebo for the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1338–47.


  1. Horak F, Zieglmayer P, Zieglmayer R, et al. The effects of bilastine compared with cetirizine, fexofenadine, and placebo on allergen-induced nasal and ocular symptoms in patients exposed to aeroallergen in the Vienna Challenge Chamber. Inflamm Res. 2010;59:391–8.


  1. http://www.halmed.hr/Lijekovi/Baza-lijekova/Nixar-20-mg-tablete/14360/

  2. Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Baroody F, et al. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: An evidence-based focused 2017 guideline update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119(6):489‐511.e41. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.012



Odgovor na MatijaUpdated SvoUpdate

Re: Potraga za najboljim antihistaminikom u alergijskom rinitisu

napisao/la Noah carl -
This topic is really interesting and well explained. Allergic rhinitis is something many people struggle with, and finding the right antihistamine can make a big difference in daily life.. I like how the discussion focuses on comparing effectiveness rather than just listing options. Working on medical or research based topics like this also reminds me how important proper academic support can be. When I was dealing with complex research writing, Dissertation Help London helped me structure my work clearly and stay focused. Posts like this show how detailed analysis matters, especially in health related studies where accuracy and clarity are so important.
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napisao/la alishaa anjum -
This article provides a clear and detailed overview of antihistamines and their use in treating allergic rhinitis. I found it very informative, especially the distinction between first, second, and third-generation antihistamines and their varying effects on sedation and symptom relief. It’s interesting how second-generation antihistamines are now preferred due to their lower sedative effects and effectiveness in ocular symptoms. Reading this makes me appreciate the importance of evidence-based guidelines like ARIA in guiding treatment choices. As someone who often organizes my notes and reflections on medical topics, I find using book writing services helpful to compile and present this kind of detailed information in a structured, accessible way.
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napisao/la Lamberta Muller -
This is a very helpful overview of antihistamines, especially with allergy season in full swing! It's good to be reminded of the differences between generations and their side effects. Speaking of distractions and quick relief, sometimes I just need a brain break. Anyone else find themselves zoning out with a quick game like Snow Rider 3D when allergies are getting to them? It's a fun way to take your mind off the itchiness for a few minutes!
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napisao/la Justin Lister -
I've definitely dealt with seasonal allergies, and the constant sneezing and itchy nose are incredibly disruptive. I used to rely solely on antihistamines, but found they only helped so much with the congestion. Waiting for the medication to kick in always felt like an eternity. Nowadays, I use a nasal spray alongside them, which seems to offer more complete relief. When I'm stuck inside waiting for it to work, something simple like Block Blastt can really take my mind off the discomfort. Finding the right combination of treatments can truly improve your quality of life during allergy season.
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napisao/la Robbins Jenifer -
Ah, the quest for the holy grail of allergy relief continues! I remember sneezing my way through college, a veritable pollen-powered geyser. Finding the right antihistamine is like searching for the perfect sock in the dryer – elusive. It seems like some help more than others, but not always with my congestion. You know, I have definitely had to change medication when something stopped working! I remember one spring, while I was planting on a pretty significant Slope Game, I tried a new allergy med only to discover it made me drowsy. It was a gardening disaster!
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napisao/la Beth Charette -
A surprisingly informative section about antihistamines and how patient response can vary so much in real situations. The point about people feeling that one medication suddenly stops working sounds very familiar. I once had a similar issue during allergy season and needed to switch treatments after weeks of poor results. I would probably share this article with friends, maybe even between conversations about Level Devil and other random daily distractions.
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napisao/la Mary Fusco -
Wow, allergies are raging! Antihistamines seem like the go-to, right? Seems like those first-gen ones pack a sleepy punch, which isn't ideal. So, ARIA guidelines suggest either antihistamines or nasal steroids – decisions, decisions! I remember one time I was battling hay fever so bad that I could barely see straight while trying to beat a level in geometry dash, nothing worked well so I just give up.
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napisao/la Erin Lambert -
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napisao/la Billy Atkins -
This is a helpful overview of antihistamines for allergic rhinitis! I didn't realize the differences between the generations were so significant. It's interesting to see the comparison of side effects, especially the sedation levels. Choosing the right one seems like a real balancing act. I guess it depends on how much you need to focus. Gotta ask my doctor for clarification, maybe it's a topic for the Football Bros to discuss as allergy season is at peak. Thanks for sharing!

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The allergy season is raging, and the quest for relief is real! Choosing the right antihistamine can feel like navigating a minefield. What is more, it's interesting to compare different generations. I once tried a first-generation antihistamine and was practically asleep all day; it wasn't helpful. Remembering the frantic clicks of Slither io helped me cope with the frustration of constant sneezing and itching.

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